NAD+

Overview

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a fundamental coenzyme found in all living cells, serving as a critical electron carrier in metabolic reactions and as a substrate for NAD+-consuming enzymes including sirtuins (SIRT1-7), poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), and CD38/CD157 ectoenzymes. Published research has established that intracellular NAD+ levels decline significantly with age across multiple organisms and tissues. This age-associated NAD+ decline has been implicated in numerous age-related pathological processes in published literature, driving extensive research into NAD+ biology, NAD+ precursors (NMN, NR), and direct NAD+ supplementation strategies in both preclinical and early clinical settings.

For research use only · Not FDA/EMA approved · Not for human consumption

Mechanism of Action

NAD+ functions as a coenzyme in oxidation-reduction reactions central to cellular energy metabolism (glycolysis, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation). Beyond its role as an electron carrier, NAD+ serves as an obligate substrate for sirtuins—NAD+-dependent protein deacylases that regulate DNA repair, mitochondrial function, inflammatory responses, and metabolic homeostasis. PARP enzymes consume NAD+ during DNA damage repair. CD38, a major NAD+-consuming enzyme, increases with age and has been identified as a key driver of age-related NAD+ decline. Published research describes how restoring NAD+ levels activates SIRT1-mediated pathways including PGC-1α (mitochondrial biogenesis), FOXO (stress resistance), and NF-κB (inflammation regulation).

For research use only · Not FDA/EMA approved · Not for human consumption

Key Research Areas

• Age-related NAD+ decline and its metabolic consequences
• Sirtuin activation and longevity pathway modulation
• Mitochondrial function and biogenesis in aging models
• DNA repair efficiency and genomic stability
• Neurodegeneration and neuroprotection in preclinical models
• Metabolic syndrome and insulin sensitivity research
• CD38 biology and NAD+ consumption pathways

For research use only · Not FDA/EMA approved · Not for human consumption

Published Studies (7 cited)

For research use only · Not FDA/EMA approved · Not for human consumption

Dosage in Published Research

Published NAD+ research utilizes a wide range of concentrations depending on the model system. In vitro studies typically employ 0.1–1 mM NAD+ in cell culture media. Animal studies investigating NAD+ precursors (NMN/NR) have used 100–500 mg/kg/day in rodent models. Direct NAD+ administration studies in animals have used intraperitoneal doses of 100–500 mg/kg. Human clinical trials with NAD+ precursors have investigated 250–2000 mg/day oral doses. All information from published literature only.

For research use only · Not FDA/EMA approved · Not for human consumption

Storage & Handling

Store lyophilized NAD+ at -20°C in a desiccated environment. NAD+ is hygroscopic and degrades upon exposure to moisture, heat, and UV light. Reconstituted solutions should be prepared fresh and used within 24 hours. Store reconstituted material at 2–8°C protected from light.

For research use only · Not FDA/EMA approved · Not for human consumption

Safety Profile (Literature Only)

NAD+ is an endogenous molecule essential for life. Published studies on NAD+ precursors (NMN, NR) in human clinical trials have reported generally favorable tolerability profiles at investigated doses. Direct IV NAD+ administration has been investigated in limited clinical settings with reported side effects including nausea and flushing during infusion. Long-term safety data for supraphysiological NAD+ supplementation is limited. This compound is for laboratory research use only.

For research use only · Not FDA/EMA approved · Not for human consumption